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Hetman of Zaporizhian Cossacks as a military title was not officially recognized internationally until the creation of the Cossack Hetmanate. With the creation of Registered Cossacks units their leaders were officially referred to as hetmans of His Royal Mercy of Zaporishian Host. Before 1648 and the establishment of Cossack Hetmanate there were numerous regional hetmans across the Dnieper-banks, who usually were starostas or voivodes. The first widely recognized hetman of Zaporizhia was Dmytro Vyshnevetsky, however later several Polish starostas were added to the Hetman registry such as Lyantskoronsky and Dashkevych who also led their own cossack formations. According to Hrushevsky they were not really considered as hetman, at least by their contemporaries. Among other such starostas were Karpo Maslo from Cherkasy, Yatsko Bilous (Pereyaslav), Andrushko (Bratslav), and many others. Even Princes Konstanty Ostrogski and Bohdan Hlinski were conducting Cossack raids on Tatar uluses (districts). The commanders of Zaporozhian Host (the Kosh) often considered as hetmans in fact carried a title of Kosh Otaman. As from 1572〔 (Definition of Hetman in the Handbook of the History of Ukraine )〕 hetman was unofficially name commanders of the Registered Cossack Army ((ウクライナ語: Козаки реєстрови), (ポーランド語:Kozacy rejestrowi), (ロシア語:Казаки реестровые)) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. From the 1648 Bohdan Khmelnytsky uprising, Hetman was the title of the head of the Cossack state, the Cossack Hetmanate. Cossack hetmans had very broad powers and acted as supreme military commanders and executive leader (by issuing administrative decrees). After the split of the territory of today Ukraine along the Dnieper River by the Polish-Russian Treaty of Andrusovo 1667, there was an introduction of dual leadership for each bank, or for each Ukraine of Dnieper (left and right). After Treaty of Andrusovo were two different Cossack Hetmanates with two Hetmans. In Poland was a title of Nakazoy Hetman of His Royal Mercy of Zaporishian Host and in Russia was a title of Hetman of His Tsar's Mercy of Zaporishian Host. Eventually the official state powers of Cossack Hetmans were gradually diminished in the 18th century, and finally abolished by Catherine II of Russia in 1764. ==Cossack leaders== * Predslav Lyantskoronsky (1506–1512), not an actual hetman, he was a starosta of Khmilnyk * Ostap Dashkevych (1506–1536), not an actual hetman, he was a starosta in charge of a defense force approved by the Sejm near Cherkasy. Dashkevych offered to create a defense force on the banks of the Lower Dnieper〔(Ostap Dashkevych )〕 * Dmytro Vyshnevetsky (1550–1564), the first recorded Hetman of Zaporizhia, first who created a Cossack garrison at the ''Nyz Dnieprovski'' (Lower Dnieper) on the island of Khortytsia in 1552〔Hrushevsky, M. ''Illustrated History of Ukraine''. "BAO". Donetsk, 2003. ISBN 966-548-571-7〕 * Bohdan Ruzhynsky, member of Volhynia princedom, a leader who was sponsored by Moscow〔 * Ivan Svirgovsky (1567–1574) * Ivan Pidkova (1577–1578), leader * Ivan Orishevsky (1579–1591) * Bogdan Mikoshinsky (1586–1594) * Kryshtof Kosynsky (1591–1593), otaman led the 1590 uprising after Janusz Ostrogski confiscated his lands near Bila Tserkva that were awarded to him by the Sejm * Hryhory Loboda (1593–1596), Hetman of Zaporizhia * Severyn Nalyvaiko (1596), an Ostrogski recruit who fought against the Kosiński Uprising, led his own uprising in Podolie and Volhynia independent from Hryhory Loboda * * Lubny massacre, a massacre that was conducted by the Polish army led by Hetman Zolkiewski. After that battle cossack movement was greatly reduced within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth * Krempski, Hetman of Zaporizhia, was elected during the siege near Lubny and later managed to escape with a small number of other cossacks * Vasylevych, Hetman of Zaporizhia * Nechkovsky, Hetman of Zaporizhia * Tykhin Baybuza (1597–1598), Hetman of Zaporizhia * Samiylo Kishka (1599–1601), Hetman of Zaporizhia, managed to reinstate the rights of cossacks in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth * Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny led successful campaigns against the Tatars and the Turks, aided the Polish army at Moscow in 1618 and at the Battle of Khotyn in 1621. He also saw Cossack interests in the independence of Ukraine from Poland. * Mykhailo Doroshenko (1623–1628) * * Hryhoriy Chorny (1628–1630), elected by Registered Cossacks * * Taras Fedorovych (1629–1630), elected by unregistered Cossacks * Ivan Sulyma (1630–1635) * Ivan Petrizhitsky-Kulaga (1631–1632) * Tomilenko (1635–1637) * Savva Kononovych (1637), former Pereyaslav polkovnyk * * Pavel Mikhnovych, better known as Pavel Pavluk, the leader of 1637 uprising * * Karp Skydan, Pavlyuk's assistant, headed the 1637 uprising while Pavlyuk returned to Zaporizhia * * * Battle between Moshny and Ros on 6 December 1637 * Ilyash Karaimovych (1637), Mykola Potocki's appointee of Registered Cossacks, Bohdan Khmelnytsky was appointed a pysar of Karaimovych. * Dmytro Hunia (1638), leader in Zaporizhia 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hetmans of Ukrainians Cossacks」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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